How is Nepal?

     Nepal has a monsoon climate. The heavy rains of the monsoon, originates in the Bay of Bengal, occur from June to September and begin in the eastern parts in the west. More rain falls in the east, which is closer to the moisture source. At high of altitudes, above about 20,000 ft (6000 m), there is snow rather than rain. In addition , less well defined winter occurs from December to the end of March. This precipitation tales the form of snow at altitudes above about 8000 ft (2440 m).

      The monsoon is caused by the movement of moist air north and west from the Bay of Bengal. As the moist air raises, it cools and condense as rain. This precipitation falls on the southern side of the main Himalayan rang. Generally, there is less precipitation at higher altitudes, because the clouds have already released much moisture at the lower altitudes. When the result in day air mass crosses the himalaya, it has very little moisture left to deposit on the northern sides. A rain screen thus exists on the north sides of the Himalayan, producing the xerophytic conditions in Dolpa ans Mustang.

       The winter rains enable Nepalis to grow a second crop at lower altitudes. Generally, crops are grown up to the altitude at which clouds hang during the monsoon, as the clouds limit the amount of sun available. Local factors are imensely important in determining  the rain fall and climate. Rain falling on north and west faces evaporates less, and more rain falls on steeper slopes, so there tends to be greater variety in the flora in these areas. Shady areas also have a more varied vegetation. 

Status of Women in Nepal

Men and women are equal

   A single statement applicable to all the women in Nepal cannot be made as different groups of women enjoy different status. For instance, Hindu women and the women belonging to indigenous ethnic groups have different rights and suffered from different modes of oppression. The latter groups enjoy more excess and control of researchers. Indigenous women have relatively a higher degree of social mobility, and posses freedom within the private sphere. They are, however, unable to participate in the public realm due to the dominant ideology of culture being practised. Dissimilarly, Hindu women have no autonomy within private sphere, but enjoy limited positions in the public sphere. Their oppression stems from the concepts of hierarchy, the caste system, traditional thought about food, and the high value of chastity. Although the women belonging to different caste, religion and culture have different status, one thing is certain that they are being oppressed with respect to economic , socio-cultural, political and legal status which cannot be analysed into isolation because each is intrinsically tied to the next. But for the sake of clarity, each category is discussed separately.

Poverty

    Let's discuss economic status. The dominant Hindu religion and culture have popularized a belief that women should be dependent on males for income from cradle to grave. Men are considered the sole breadwinners of families; and women are viewed only as domestic maternal. Women's work is confined to the household. Their responsibilities are thought to include cooking, washing, collecting fuel and firewood, fetching water, engage in agriculture, maternity, and service to males and other family members. Although their work plays a vital role, it is normally left uncounted.

Women involved in wage-labour

     The work load of Nepalese women is immense. They work about 16 hours everyday. Nepalese women are mainly engaged in agriculture work, carpet industries, and wage-labour activities. Furthermore, Nepalese women are compelled to resort to prostitution and to be sold as commercial sex workers. Because of modernization, their workload has certainly increased. Thus, they are now forced to perform triple roles: that of mother,of a traditional wife and of a community participant. Generally Nepalese women have much less access of industrial credit, both an individual and household enterprise levels irrespective of ecological regions, urban or rural areas and ethnic or castes. Complicating economic disparity is the increasing feminization of poverty. To remedy this situation, women would need full economic rights.

Dowry system

      Let's discuss socio-cultural status. Patriarchy persists as the dominant ideology under Hindu religion and culture. The constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal codified this declaring Nepal a Hindu Kingdom. The religion and its associated culture, norms and values have prevailed for hundred of years and as the result, Hindu women are more oppressed. Because of the great diversity of Nepalese society,the status of women can not be defined by Hinduism alone. These are various indigenous ethnic groups and races. Comparing to Hindu women, indigenous women have relatively better status concerning social mobility, decision making, and sexuality. But the Muslim women have the worst social status among the women belonging to different religions and cultures. The existing dowry system is to be thought to be one of the hindrances for Nepalese women. Many newly married women especially in the Terai are badly tortured by the spouse and other senior family members. The overall literacy rate of women is considerably low; only 24.7 % of Nepalese women are literate. Nepal is one of only two countries in the world where women's life expectancy is less than that of men.

Women in politics

       In Nepalese political status, Nepalese women have been involved in the political movement since the fifties but several factors have prevented them from actively participating in local and national politics. These factors include: the dominant ideology of patriarchy, male chauvinism, criminalization of policies, lack of equal property rights, restrictions on women's mobility, and domination of men in all the political parties. Only few women have gained higher public positions. An encouraging trend is the presence of  a lot of elected women representatives in the local bodies. This is due to the provision of seat reservation at this level. However, women lack the power to contribute significantly even within these roles as most of the resources are controlled by their male colleagues.

Status of women at present

 To conclude, we can mention that Nepalese women have already opened the door to achieve the destinations of their entire freedom and rights along with their responsibilities. There is no solution to this miserable condition of Nepalese women unless they are adequately and appropriately educated concerning their rights and responsibilities.

Population Problem in Nepal

Overpopulation has become a terrible problem in the world. All of the countries are suffering from this problem directly or indirectly. China, India, Nepal and other countries are suffering from problem. There is regularly change between birth rate and death rate. Birth rate was slightly higher than death rate. Therefore, world population grew at a very slow rate. A few hundred years ago, however the situation began to change, specially in the industrialized countries. With advance in nutrition, sanitation, and health people live longer. For the first time the balance between birth rate and death has been badly disturbed. During the last three centuries, the world population has been rapidly growing up.

  Rapid growth of population can be realized in Nepal too. In 1951, Nepal's population was nine million less than a half century later, that number has rose up to 23 million. We can easily assume the future of Nepal with this annual growth rate of 2.5 %. If this is not checked, Nepal's population will be double in just 28 years. By the year 2026, there will be a total of some 46 million.
 
   There is not any advantage of growth of population. Rather there are many disadvantages. Deforestation is result of the over population. Most of the forests have been destroyed for expansion of land or cultivation and also for building houses. Deforestation upsets the natural rain. We have comparatively less rain. Besides, there are landslides. Wild animals disappear which area also part of eco-system. Naturally, we are affected. We have less food. Our environmental conditions decline.

     Moreover because of the over population we continue to litter our surroundings. High temperatures, floods, tropical diseases and mass migrations are all the results of over population. The country cannot invest money on development fields. Therefore, Poverty, unemployment, literacy, etc. All rise higher and higher. Therefore, it is necessary to stop and control the increasing rate of population

The Peasants (Farmers) of Nepal

       The people who engaged in agriculture or farming are called peasants. Most people of Nepal are peasants. They are dependent on agriculture. They are hard workers. They work hard to grow crops . They have to grow crops. They have to work in sun and rain. They have to till the land,plant seeds, irrigate crops and look after them. Too much rain or no rain or untimely rain destroys the crops. Therefore, they are much worried all the time until crops are ready for harvest. They know when to dig the field and when to plant seeds. They have to buy seeds and fertilizers and also pay those who work with them. 

      Peasants are important people for the country. The country depends on them for agricultural products. They supply raw materials to the factories and industries. They produce food crops such as rice, wheat, barley, maize, etc.. They produce beverages such as tobacco, tea, etc.. We get commercial crops such as jute, sugar-cane, cotton, etc.. They are much alert how to grow crops in all seasons.

       Along with growing crops, peasants tame animals such as cows, oxen, goats and sheep. They run poultry farming, as well. These animals, chickens, fish, etc. are also sources of income. They are also involved in bee farming. Besides, they run cottage industries for further income.

       Nevertheless, most of the peasants are poor. They are always in difficulty. They are bound to take loan from the land lord. The landlord becomes cruel to take heavy interest. When nature plays cruel trick on them, they are bound to sell their poor land to the money lenders.

       They are conservative. They follow still the traditional methods of cultivation. They do not have good seeds and fertilizers. They do not apply modern agricultural technology. Improve seeds, fertilizers and irrigation are not always and every where available. Naturally they have low production. 

      They suffer in many ways. Government's help is not sufficient. Government does not provide good markets. Indian products are imported. They make the products cheap and available everywhere. Our poor peasants are facing difficulty because their products are expensive during products but they are bound to sell them at cheap rate. They are living under poverty. They do not have enough to send their children to schools. They are in need of our help in farming as well as school.

       They need help for the improvement in their conditions of cultivation. It is necessary that we all should help them in every way.

Nepal

Namaste

       Nepal is a land of unparalleled variety. Imagine a rectangle 500 by 150 mi (800 by 240 km), divided lengthwise into three stripes. The northernmost strip is Himalaya, meaning "adobe of snow." and includes eight of the ten highest mountain in the world. The Himalayan region is sparsely settled by people who speak languages of the Tibet o-Burman family and practice Tibetan Buddhism. The southernmost region, called, is an extension of the Gangetic plain of northern India, containing jungles with elephants, rhinoceroses, and tigers. These inhabitants contrast markedly with the yaks and snow leopards less than 100 mi (160 km) to the north. This area is populated by people who speak Indo-European languages and practice Hinduism. Between the two outer strips lies an inteface of hills and valleys. The inhabitants speak languages of both the Tibet o-European and Indo-Europeans families and generally practice Hinduism with many Buddhists, animistic, and shamanic influences. This "religion of the hills" defies categorization. This middle region, the hills, is the unexpected treasure of Nepal.
       Climatically, the country has subtropical, temperate, and alpine regions, determined by elevation .It contains example of most of the vegetation zones of the world.
        The country known as Nepal is a conglomeration of as many  very different ethnic groups, languages, and culture as it is bio geographic regions. This hostile terrain was settled by peoples fleeing invaders  from all directions. They found solace in remote valleys and eventually became incorporated into myraid small kingdoms, until one, Gorkha, led by Prithivi Narayan Shah, politically unified the country in the 1760s. For over a hundred years, until 1951, Nepal was ruled by a sequence of hereditary prime ministers, the Ranas. During this period Nepal was essentially cut off from outside influences. Because of its forbidding mountains to the north and deadly malaria endemic in the terai to the south, Nepal was never successfully invaded by a major power. After an attempt at democracy in 1959, which threatened the status quo, political parties were outlawed; the country was said to be ruled by a system of participatory councils, but real power was vested in the king and his personally chosen secretariat.
      In early 1990, popular support for democracy again surfaced. The movement never had grassroots support through out the country but was lead by students and educated in the large cities. Supported by the quest for democracy through out the world at that time, and the threat of more uprisings, the jana andolan was able to overthrow the monarchical rule with the loss of no more than several hundred lives. In november 1990 a new constitution was adopted, with the king as a constitutional monarch and head if the army but with real power vested in a popularly elected parliament. There have been several elections, at the national and local levels. As in many third world countries, poverty has recently increased, direct result accomplished in the first six years of democracy. One factor is that systems of patronage and corruption that date back at least to the century of Rana rule have been maintained in the political mechanism. Nepali society and politics have change little during this century. But the mood of the country has regressed from optimism to disappointment to frustration to cynicism.
       The economy is one of subsistence agriculture.Nepal has most of the statistical characteristics of the worlds poorest countries in terms of per capita gross domestic product, literacy and infant mortality. The high population growth doubling time is about 30 years- outstrips food production. Another serious problem is deforestation specially in the Terai, where after malaria was controlled forests were cut to clear land for agricultural use, to feed the increasing population. Nepal population is over 20 million, growing at over 2% a year.
       Nepal close to foreigners and foreign influence until 1951, did not officially opened its door to tourists until a few years later. But by 1995, over 3 hundred 50 thousands tourists were visiting the country, and a massive amount of foreign aid was pushing on the road to "development." Major contributors of aid have been India, Japan, Germany, France , china and the United states. Having observe this process over twenty five years, I see development along western European and north American lines as basically exploitive, but this is hidden by euphemisms. Most aid is tide; it requires purchasing products and services from the donor countries, and much funding pays expatriate salaries for work Nepalis could do themselves few projects the disadvantaged. Only 10% of development assistance is said to reach the poor. Much of the funding leaks, finding its way into the pockets of the nouveaux riches-it ha been estimated that anywhere between 10 to over 50% of flows get lost. A look at the burgeoning wealth of the middle lass of in Kathmandu ,where homes cost more than in U.S. cities, attests to this. Thanks to structural adjustments policies carried out as a condition of receiving world bank and international monetary fund loans, which resulted in devaluation of the rupee, foreigners receive values for their their hard currency in Nepal, while the poor there suffer more. One could remark that countries that have had modern "development" are worse off than countries that haven't. Look at Korea, Taiwan, Japan and China as examples of Asian miracles They escaped the development process.

        On the basis of outside advice and funding, Nepal has set aside the largest percentage of any country's land as national parks, a process begun in 1973. Although the concept supposedly creates a haven for  touristic needs, is has conflicted with resident people who have sometimes been resettled far from their homeland wit disastrous results. Discord between the needs of local peoples, with their increasing numbers, and those of business that cater to the tourism industry will continue.
   
      Nepal's greatest economic resource is said to be the hydroelectric potential of its vast rivers fed by the Himalaya. Attempts as massive international development of this treasure have been thward so far, but numerous  small projects electrify parts of the country. India would like to control this asset and use it to power the billion people sitting south. An unrecognized  major asset is the self respect of the hill peasant, who was never subjugated by an external power. He or she works hard and, if away from the development main stream, doesn't dwell on being economically poor. Only near the imbroglio of progress do you find people monetarily much wealthier talking about how poor they are. " Development " teaches poverty.

     Nepal is taken as a lovely and popular country in term of visiting. As we know, Nepal is the second richest country in water resources throughout the world  after Brazil. Nepal is divided into three geographical regions. They are    Himalaya, hilly and terai region. Terai region is taken as granary of crops of Nepal. Green forests, tranquil lakes, snow-capped mountains,etc are the resources of Nepal. it is not only rich in natural resources but also in cultural, religious and historical importance. It is a Hindu country. In Nepal there are many temples and other religious places.  Among them Pashupati nath is one of the most famous temple in the country.Nepal is also a country of villages. Most of the area of the country is occupied by villages. There are 3915 V.D.Cs, 53 municipalities, 4 sub-metropolitan cities and 1 metropolitan city. Most of the people are involved in agriculture. Nepal is said to be a lovely country because of people living here. They are found to be honest, co-operatives, hard working, tust worthy and peace-loving. Nepal also has many species of animals and birds our national bird and animal is Lophophorus and cow.

The Himalayas of Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous country. She is also known as the land of the Himalayas. The Himalayas situated in the northern part of the country must have uplifted the identity and dignity pf Nepal.
          The high mountains in Nepal is covered with snow, but the lower parts of them are covered with grass and plants. Many people live in mountains.Peoples of the Himalayan region live inall the ways that human beings have devised to survive on the earth: as hunters and gatherers, nomadic herdsmen, shifting splash and burn cultivators, settled agriculturalists, petty traders, and industrial enterprenueurs. They live in felt tents, thatched huts, brick houses, and stucco palaces. Over forty million people live across the terrain dominated by the world's highest mountain range. This fronteir region is predominately rural. Transport and communication are particularly difficult, and the ethnic groups are astoundingly diverse. Isolation and countless migrations have led to myriad forms of social and cultural adoptation. There are muslim, hindus and buddhists, but many people also retain their own separate ethnic identity and worship. This one thousand, five hundred mile long region is the homeland for what is arguaby the most diverse spectrum of people in the world. Most of the fertile lands are cultivated. The mountains are not densely populated. Life pf the people is difficult there. Most of the people are farmers. Higher mountains are also graze the cattles such as cows, yaks, goat and sheep. The snow-capped mountain peaks attract many tourists. They seem to be attractive, but they are getting populated. The main attractions of tourism in Nepal are those lofty mountains.
                   These mountains in Nepal are very important. Our tourism trade depends on them. Many tourists visit Nepal to watch the mountains. Some of them come to Nepal to climb the snowy mountains; especially they climb Mt. Everest, the highest peak in the world. Many rare herbs are found in the Himalayas regions of Nepal. We can use them directly as the medicine or they can be used to make important medicines. If we sell them to foreign countries we can earn foreign currency. The snow-capped mountains are the origins of the rivers of Nepal. Therefore mountains are the permanent sources of water. The climate and environment are completely fresh and healthy in the mountains.
                 Nowadays, the life style of the people in the mountain is getting uplifted because the problem in the mountain is transportation and communication has been reduced. Most of thepeople have started growing and fruits which are more advantageous than traditional farming. If the mountain regions are properly developed, the status of the country certainly gets uplifted. It is said that the development of the mountains in Nepal supports the development of the whole country.

Poverty Ellimination in Nepal

         Nepal is a developing country. Many people are poor here. Their main problem is to find food, cloth and shelter. They work from the morning to the evening. Their income is very low. Generally. most of the people are ignorant. They adequately aware . In order to reduce and eliminate  poverty in Nepal. some measures have to be implemented.

          Education is the most important factor for the development of the society. The main causes of poverty in Nepal, is the lack of appropriate education. Most of the uneducated poor people do not posses appropriate degree of awareness. They are victimized traditions and cultures. Similarly, traditional agriculture system in rural regions is the existing cause of poverty in Nepal. Most of the farmer do not apply modern mode of farming. They do not use improved seeds of crops and vegetables. As a result, they cannot get good production. The next cause is inequality in the distribution of means of production. Few rich people have occupied most of the fertile land. Similarly, the problem of unemployment is is the next cause of poverty. Many people are unemployed. They do not have any source of income.

            Poverty is a great and challenging problem in Nepal. It results social disasters,crimes and ruins. Some poor people are compelled to be involved in crimes such as theft, robbery, smuggling and prostitution etc. The poor can be united and start destructive struggles for their survival. Such struggles certainly cause destruction. Poor people cannot compete with the rich in various opportunity. As a result, the gap between the poor and the rich. It results hospitality and hatred between the rich and the poor. Ultimately, unity among the people cannot be built up. Therefore, it can be said that poverty invites social injustice, disasters and ruins in the society.

                  Poverty can be reduced and eliminated by providing all people with appropriate education. Educated people can play the prime role in maintaining social justice. Educated farmers can apply modern farming technologies, improved seeds and suitable fertilizers in the farms. They can sell their products in the market. In order to raise the status of the poor, special programmes should be implemented by the government. New land reformation programme should be implemented to distribute the fertile land properly among the farmers. the problem of unemployment can be solved by established many factories and creating job opportunities.

                 Poverty can be reduced and eliminated by educating people, establishing factories and creating job opportunities. If all the are employed, poverty will be automatically reduced and eliminated. The government should make a concrete plan for this purpose.